Wonke umekheniki uzisebenzisile, kodwa uninzi aluyazi ukuba zingaphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeewashers ezikhoyo, zeziphi izinto ezenziwe ngazo, kwaye zisetyenziswa njani ngokufanelekileyo. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, sifumene imibuzo emininzi malunga neewashers, ngoko ke inqaku letekhnoloji elabelana ngolwazi ngezi zixhobo zehardware liphelelwe lixesha.

Kutshanje sigubungele ubugcisa bokwenza izibophelelo ezisebenza kakuhle nge-Automotive Racing Products, Inc. (ARP), sigubungela ngokupheleleyo izinto ezifunekayo kuloo nto. Ngoku lixesha lokuhlonipha icandelo lezibophelelo elidla ngokuthathwa njengento elula, i-washer ethobekileyo.

Kwimihlathi elandelayo, siza kuthetha ngezinto ezisetyenziswa xa kugaywa, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeewasher, izinto ezenziwayo, indlela ezenziwe ngayo, apho zisetyenziswa khona kwaye nini - kwaye ewe, siza kuthetha nokuba ngaba iiwasher zisebenza ngqo okanye akunjalo.

Ngokubanzi, i-washer yipleyiti efana nediski, efana ne-wafer enombombo embindini. Nangona uyilo lungavakala luyinto yakudala, i-washers ngokwenene inika umsebenzi onzima. Zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukusasaza umthwalo we-fastener enemisonto, njenge-bolt okanye i-cap screw.

Zingasetyenziswa njengeendawo zokuvala isithuba — okanye kwezinye iimeko — zingaba yiphedi yokuguguleka, isixhobo sokutshixa, okanye zisetyenziswe ukunciphisa ukungcangcazela — njengesixhobo sokuhlamba irabha. Uyilo olusisiseko lwesixhobo sokuhlamba isithuba lunobubanzi obuphindwe kabini kunobubanzi bangaphakathi besixhobo sokuhlamba isithuba.

Ngokwesiqhelo zenziwe ngesinyithi, iiwasher zinokwenziwa ngeplastiki okanye ngerabha — kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo. Kwimishini, ii-bolt joints ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zifuna iiwashers zentsimbi eqinileyo ukuthintela ukuxinana komphezulu wejoyinti. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yiBrinelling. Ezi zixinano zincinci ekugqibeleni zinokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni komthwalo wangaphambi kwexesha kwi-fastener, ukuxokozela, okanye ukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo. Njengoko imeko iqhubeka, ezi ntshukumo zinokukhawulezisa ziye kwezinye iintlungu ezidla ngokuchazwa njengokuqhekeka okanye ukurhawuzelela.

Iiwasher zikwanceda ekuthinteleni ukubola kwe-galvanic, imeko ekhoyo xa ezinye iintsimbi zidibana. Enye intsimbi isebenza njenge-anode, kwaye enye isebenza njenge-cathode. Ukuze kuncitshiswe okanye kuthintelwe le nkqubo kwasekuqaleni, kusetyenziswa iwasher phakathi kwe-bolt okanye i-nut kunye nentsimbi edityanisiweyo.

Ukongeza ekusasazeni ngokulinganayo uxinzelelo phezu kwenxalenye eqinisiweyo nokunciphisa amathuba okonakalisa inxalenye, iiwasher zikwabonelela ngomphezulu ogudileyo we-nut okanye i-bolt. Oku kwenza ukuba i-joint eqinisiweyo ingabi lula ukukhululeka xa kuthelekiswa nomphezulu ongalinganiyo wokubopha.

Kukho iiwashers ezikhethekileyo ezenzelwe ukubonelela ngesitywino, indawo yokumisa umbane, ukulungelelanisa i-fastener, ukubamba i-fastener, ukuvala i-insulation, okanye ukunika uxinzelelo lwe-axial kwi-joint. Siza kuxoxa ngokufutshane ngezi washers zikhethekileyo kwisicatshulwa esingezantsi.

Sikwabone neendlela ezimbalwa zokusebenzisa ngokungafanelekanga iiwasher njengenxalenye yejoyinti ebotshelelweyo. Kukho amaxesha amaninzi apho oomatshini bomthi womthunzi basebenzise iibolthi okanye amantongomane amancinci kakhulu kwinxalenye abadibanisayo. Kwezi meko, iwasher inobubanzi bangaphakathi obuhambelana nebolthi, kodwa ayivumeli intloko yebolthi okanye intongomane ukuba ityibilike ngaphakathi kwembobo yento edityanisiweyo. Oku kufuna ingxaki kwaye akufuneki kuzanywe naphi na kwimoto yomdyarho.

Ngokwesiqhelo, oomatshini basebenzisa ibholiti ende kakhulu, kodwa ingenazo iintambo ezaneleyo, ezingavumeli ukuba ijoyinti iqiniswe. Ukubeka iiwasher ezimbalwa kwi-shank njenge-spacer de i-nut iqiniswe nako kufanele kuphetshwe. Khetha ubude bebholiti obufanelekileyo. Ukusebenzisa iiwasher ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokukhokelela ekonakaleni okanye ekulimaleni.

Ngokubanzi, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeewasher ezenziweyo ehlabathini namhlanje. Ezinye zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zomthi ngelixa ezinye zenzelwe iinjongo zokufaka amanzi. Xa kufikwa kwiimfuno zeemoto, ingcali ye-R&D ye-ARP, uJay Coombes, usixelela ukuba kukho iintlobo ezintlanu kuphela ezisetyenziswa ekugcinweni kweemoto. Kukho iwasher eqhelekileyo (okanye iwasher ethe tyaba), iwasher yefender, iwasher ehlukanisiweyo (okanye iwasher yokutshixa), iwasher eneenkwenkwezi, kunye newasher yokufaka.

Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, awuyi kufumana iwasher ehlukeneyo kwiinkonzo ze-ARP ezinkulu zokuncamathisela. “Ziluncedo kakhulu kwiifasteners ezincinci ezinobubanzi obuphantsi kwiimeko zomthwalo ophantsi,” ucacisile uCoombes. I-ARP ithambekele ekugxileni kwiifasteners zomdyarho ezisebenza kakuhle ezisebenza phantsi kweemeko zomthwalo ophezulu. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi ntlobo zeewashers ezisebenzela iinjongo ezithile, njengewasher ecacileyo ene-serrations kwicala elingaphantsi.

Isixhobo sokuhlamba esithe tyaba sisixhobo esikhethwayo phakathi kwentloko yebholti (okanye inati) kunye nento eqhotyoshelweyo. Injongo yaso ephambili kukusasaza umthwalo wesixhobo sokubopha esiqinisiweyo ukuthintela umonakalo kumphezulu wokudibanisa. “Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizinto ze-aluminium,” utshilo uCoombes.

I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) inikezele ngemigangatho yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ii-washers ezicacileyo ezifuna iintlobo ezimbini. Uhlobo A luchazwa njenge-washer ene-tolerances ebanzi apho ukuchaneka kungabalulekile. Uhlobo B yi-washer ethe tyaba ene-tolerances eqine ngakumbi apho ububanzi bangaphandle buhlelwe njengobuncinci, obuqhelekileyo, okanye obubanzi ngokobukhulu bazo be-bolt (ububanzi bangaphakathi).

Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, iiwasher ziyinkimbinkimbi kunengcaciso elula evela kumbutho omnye. Enyanisweni, zininzi. I-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) ihlela iiwashers ezicacileyo ngobukhulu bezinto, ezinobubanzi obuncinci ngaphakathi nangaphandle xa kuthelekiswa nendlela umbutho we-United States Standards (USS) ochaze ngayo iiwashers ezisicaba.

Imigangatho ye-USS yimigangatho yee-washers ezisebenzisa i-intshi. Le ntlangano ichaza ububanzi bangaphakathi nangaphandle be-washer ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nemisonto ye-bolt erhabaxa okanye emikhulu. Ii-washers ze-USS zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo zeemoto. Njengoko imibutho emithathu ichaza imigangatho emithathu eyahlukeneyo yee-washers ezilula, ngokucacileyo, ii-washers ziyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunokuba ukubonakala kwazo okulula kunokukhokelela nabani na ukuba akholelwe.

Ngokutsho kukaCoombes we-ARP, “Ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho wewasher ngokwayo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokusondeleyo. Kufuneka ibe nobukhulu obaneleyo ukuze isasazeke ngokufanelekileyo umthwalo.” UCoombes wongeza athi, “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iwasher ibekwe emhlabeni ngokulinganayo kwaye ithe tyaba ngokugqibeleleyo kwezo zicelo zibalulekileyo ezinemithwalo ephezulu ye-torque. Nantoni na enye inokubangela ukungalingani kokulayisha kwangaphambili.”

Ezi zii-washers ezinobubanzi obukhulu bangaphandle ngokulingana nomngxuma wazo ophakathi. Zenzelwe nokusasaza amandla okubamba, kodwa ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu, umthwalo usasazwa kwindawo enkulu. Kangangeminyaka emininzi, ezi washers bezisetyenziselwa ukuncamathisela ii-fenders kwizithuthi, yiyo loo nto zibizwa njalo. Ii-washers ze-fender zinokuba nobubanzi bangaphandle obukhulu, kodwa zihlala zenziwe ngezinto ezinciphileyo.

Iiwashers eziqhekekileyo zinokuguquguquka kwe-axial kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukukhululeka ngenxa yokungcangcazela. Umfanekiso uvela ku-www.amazon.com.

Iiwasher eziqhekekileyo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziispring okanye iilock washers, zinokuguquguquka kwe-axial. Ezi zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukukhululeka ngenxa yokungcangcazela. Ingcamango engasemva kweewasher eziqhekekileyo ilula: Isebenza njengesipringi sokufaka uxinzelelo kwinto eqhotyoshelweyo kunye nentloko yebholthi okanye i-nut.

I-ARP ayizivelisi ezi washer kuba uninzi lweziqhoboshi ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinjini, kwi-drivetrain, kwi-chassis, nakwi-suspension ziqiniswe kwi-torque spec ethile, kusetyenziswa amandla okubamba afanelekileyo. Akukho thuba lincinci okanye akukho limbi lokuba i-fastener ikhululeke ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isixhobo.

Uninzi lweenjineli ziyavuma ukuba i-spring washer — xa iqiniswe kwiimfuno eziphezulu — iya kolulwa ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Xa oko kusenzeka, i-split washer iya kulahlekelwa kukuxinana kwayo kwaye inokuphazamisa nokulayisha ngokuchanekileyo i-bound joint.

Ii-star washers zine-serrations ezinwebeka ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle ukuze zilume kumphezulu we-substrate ukuthintela ukuba i-fastener ingakhululeki. Umfanekiso uvela ku-www.amazon.com.

Ii-star washers zisebenza phantse ngendlela efanayo ne-split washer. Zenzelwe ukuthintela i-fastener ukuba ingakhululeki. Ezi zii-washers ezine-serrations ezidlula ngokukhawuleza (ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle) ukuze zilume kumphezulu we-component. Ngokwendlela eziyilwe ngayo, kufuneka "zingene" kwi-bolt head/nut kunye ne-substrate ukuthintela i-fastener ukuba ingakhululeki. Ii-star washers zihlala zisetyenziswa ngee-bolts ezincinci kunye nee-screws ezinxulumene nezixhobo zombane.

Ukuthintela ukujikeleza, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela ukuchaneka kokulayisha kwangaphambili, kuye kwabangela ukuba i-ARP yenze ii-washers ezikhethekileyo ezifakwe i-serrated kwicala elingaphantsi. Ingcinga kukuba zibambe into eqhotyoshelweyo kwaye zinike iqonga elizinzileyo.

Esinye isixhobo sokuhlamba esikhethekileyo esenziwe yi-ARP sisixhobo sokuhlamba esifana ne-insert. Senzelwe ukukhusela umphezulu wemingxunya ukuthintela ukuqhekeka okanye umphezulu womngxunya ungawi. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kubandakanya iintloko zesilinda, izinto ze-chassis, kunye nezinye iindawo ezigugileyo ezifuna isixhobo sokuhlamba.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukuthambisa kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulayisheni kwangaphambili ngokuchanekileyo. Ukongeza ekubekeni i-lubricant kwimisonto ye-fastener, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ubeke inani elincinci kwicala elingaphantsi kwentloko ye-bolt (okanye i-nut) okanye phezulu kwe-washer. Ungaze uthambise icala elingaphantsi kwe-washer (ngaphandle kokuba imiyalelo yokufaka ithi akunjalo) kuba awufuni ijikeleze.

Ukunika ingqalelo ekusetyenzisweni kakuhle kwezixhobo zokuhlamba kunye nokuthambisa yinto efanele ukuqwalaselwa yiyo yonke imibutho yomdyarho.

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